The Design Method

The Design Method is a new book by Eric Karjaluoto, creative director and founding partner of smashLAB. He kindly took time to answer a few questions on his latest work.

Roles
Both the client and designer play important roles in the creation of good design. However, each one holds certain strengths and insights that the other doesn’t. As such, think carefully about the part each group plays, and try to avoid stepping on the other’s toes.

You talk about presenting just one idea to your clients. I get occasional enquiries where I’m asked to create a number of designs. Have any of your clients been adamant about seeing more than one idea?

Although many clients start by asking for three options, I explain to them why aiming for one target is more sensible: Doing so minimizes tangential directions that can take the project off course, helps keeps the project on track/budget, and reduces the number of decisions they’re forced to contend with.

I explain that we run many (often hundreds of) variations in studio, and edit down the choices before presenting the most workable option for their review. If they disagree with our recommended direction, we note what isn’t working, and then iterate.

We don’t mind going back to the drawing board if necessary; we just want to ensure that we’re moving the client and project forward in one clear direction. When I explain this, most clients see the logic and agree that it makes more sense than the alternative.

IKEA
IKEA’s designers employ a number of consistent rules when producing assets. As a result, you could change the text to gibberish and most would still be able to identify the brand.

You say the voice of the designer is irrelevant — what do you mean?

I’m speaking specifically about individual personality and style. Design is often considered a close cousin to art, and this misunderstanding clouds what our industry is about. New designers, in particular, want to imbue their work with their own sensibilities, but this desire isn’t actually that important.

Clients, for the most part, don’t want the designer’s personality to show through the work they produce; instead, they need design that is built around their needs and amplifies their organization’s values and aspirations. Designers need to gear themselves to think about their clients’ needs first.

Leg warmers
It’s understandable that you’ll find trends compelling, but it’s a real drag to look back and realize that you were lured into the same pointless fads as everyone else.

How do you present your project quotes? Are they solely for what the client requests, or do you break it down into options, perhaps with a lower and a higher value in order to offer more choice?

Providing design quotes is almost always difficult, as the nature of design projects tends to be quite variable. On the odd occasion, a job is cut and dried, and I simply look back on past projects we’ve completed, with a similar scope of work, and use that (alongside a look at the billable efficiency of that project) to determine a suitable price. For the most part, we tend to provide a fixed cost; however, if the prospective client tells us that they have less to spend, we can sometimes reduce scope to meet their budget.

Increasingly, though, we’re asking prospective clients to contract us to complete some initial Discovery and Planning work, as a trial run of sorts. This approach allows us to really dig into their situation, needs, and expectations, and subsequently produce a plan for them. Upon having done so, they’re free to take the plan to another organization and leave us behind, should they choose.

Most times, they have us continue with the project, as they now have a better sense for our agency, how we think, and the way we work. Additionally, our pricing tends to be more accurate at this point, as having done this work allows us to really understand the scope of the project, instead of guessing what’s involved — which most studios are forced to do if they haven’t conducted any initial Discovery and Planning.

Stages and phases
The Design Method relies on four key process stages; however, the working phases you employ are informed by the kind of design you do and the project milestones you establish.

How do you protect your studio from potential legal issues that might arise after a project has started (where a client might not pay yet still use your work, for example)?

We produce a clear document at the outset of a project that lays out the scope of the project, timeline, and needs, as well as the associated requirements on the client’s behalf. After that, we request progress payments at key stages throughout the project.

Most of the engagements we take on are long and involved, and this allows us to really get to know our clients (and vice versa). Therefore, we tend to get a sense in advance if there might be some kind of discomfort/frustration on the client’s behalf. We then address such concerns before the situation gets ugly.

I’m sure that at some point we’ll need to bring in lawyers to help with a project that goes completely off the rails, but we’ve never yet found ourselves in that spot. Frankly, by the time you need to bring in lawyers to deal with such a situation, you’ve likely not been running your studio the way you should have been.

Trophies
You want a trophy to celebrate your achievements? Why not join your local 4H club or bowling league, or attend a fishing derby? They’ll give you a trophy!

During a few of my past projects it became clear that the client wanted to drive the design, asking for this to go here, and that to go there, etc., almost to the point of relegating me to a pixel pusher. Has this ever happened to you? And if so, how did you handle the requests?

Yes — it happens all the time, and this will never change. The work designers do is very personal to those who hire us, and they’re going to want to get their hands “in there.” In my mind, both the client and designer play very distinct roles in this sort of work, and the designer needs to define these roles clearly in order to produce good design for their clients.

The client/designer engagement needs to be thought about practically. Most clients aren’t experts in creating brands, defining visual identities, producing elegant user experience, and the like. Meanwhile, most designers don’t really know their customer’s business, clients, history, operations requirements, and so on.

Therefore, each party needs to own their role and try to avoid infringing on the other’s — for the good of the work they’re trying to produce. This is an issue of perspective: Neither the designer, nor the client, should be concerned with what their individual visual preferences; instead, they need to ask how they’re going to reach the objectives set out at the outset of the project. Most times, this means concentrating on how the choices they’re making might impact the user.

So, when you’re struggling with a client getting a little too close to the work you’re helping them with, try to get them to pull back a little. Keep asking what will work best for the audience/user, and you should be able to steer the project back on course.

Exit signs
Although both signs seem like reasonable approaches, which one do you expect will make the most sense to someone who doesn’t speak English?

You say in the book that “if you want to get new business, taking prospective clients out for lunch may be more effective than chasing awards.” What proportion of your clients are local, and does it affect your working relationship when you’re unable to meet face-to-face?

The ratio tends to vary. At this moment, most of our work is for clients who aren’t in Vancouver. That being said, it’s the relationships that started with local groups that led to a number of these projects. For example, the website we built for The Vancouver Aquarium has been very well received by groups abroad. As a result of that project, we started working with organizations including WWF Canada, The University of Minnesota’s Institute on the Environment, and The Nature Conservancy. Personally, I like meeting our clients in face-to-face, but that isn’t always possible. For those who are close, though, we try to get together for lunch every here and there — not necessarily for sales purposes, but instead just to get a sense of what they’re up to. We’re lucky to work with a lot of nice people.

The Design Method is available from Peachpit and on Amazon.com / Amazon.co.uk.

Eric in the archives: What employers look for.


Comments

46 responses to “The Design Method”

  1. James Crowther Avatar
    James Crowther

    I usually present 2-4 options. I’ve found clients appreciate seeing their options and being involved in the process, although sometimes I think the decision is subjective. I’m also fairly inexperienced at this game so find the prospect of only presenting 1 idea that is potentially disliked by the client a little daunting.

  2. It’s funny: thinking about the evolution of the various concepts presented to our clients, my feeling is that the number of directions presented is inversely proportional with the quality of the finalised project.

    We had a rule to present 3 concepts, as we have 3 good art directors, each willing to work on all the creative projects we receive. We nevertheless tend – since a year or so ago – to only present 1 direction we really believe in, which we think is perfectly supported by our client presentation.

    Presenting more concepts seems to be a sign of weakness in the eyes of potential clients, even if the designs, concepts, directions presented are really good ones.

  3. Kari Hernesniemi Avatar
    Kari Hernesniemi

    We give 3 options for our clients. It’s an odd number and gives enough variations for the client to compare. Usually one will always stand as the best approach, but every now and then we have had to combine some specific ideas from other options, if the whole presentation has been very strong.

  4. First I would like to thank you guys for the useful insights.

    Now, regarding your question “…share the number of design options you present to your clients”:
    I usually come up with 3 design concepts (talking about brand mark design here).

    1. the first concept is based on my guts (of course, after reading the brief and doing the research part)
    2. the second concept is strongly influenced by the client’s style preferences
    3. the last concept is based on the client’s feedback regarding the first two approaches

    In my case, most of the time, the first concept was the winning one.

    Cheers,
    Husac Lucian

  5. Wonderful article. And beautiful work from SmashLab. I find that the best work I’ve created is a true collaboration between understanding the needs of my clients, what their expectations are, and who their audience is. The longer I’m in design, the more I appreciate all the work that takes place before any creative gets started.

  6. I believe you should submit your best idea.
    So technically that would be one good pitch.
    Why dilute it with 3 or 4 that are less suitable?

  7. I only show a single option. When I first started it was because I wasn’t confident I could come up with multiple options, but now it’s more for the reasons Eric mentioned. I haven’t ever had a client ask for an explanation though. I try to present things as early as possible on the rougher side. Then the client and myself both iterate on those early rough deliverables.

    Most of my clients need to see something before they really know what they want and so it doesn’t make sense to me to present a lot of detail early on. Sometimes the process is quick and sometimes it takes longer, but the client always gets to be as involved as they want and they can see progress throughout the whole process.

  8. Great article. It’s always to good to learn from others.

    When I present options, I always keep it down to 2. And as much as possible, I try to keep those 2 wildly different from one another with regards to approach, art direction and feel.

    Although I’ve had a client that actually wanted up to options, as they wanted variety apparently. They felt “boxed” in when I presented the 2 concepts to them. But I can conclude, the client was all over the place, and didn’t have a secure sense of their business and its message.

  9. I go with three. However two of them will be variations of the same design, which heavily slants the options towards my favoured direction. The third will be completely different, and is a combination of my fallback option and proof of the hard work that goes into the design. I have to admit, I quite like the fact there is no one definite solution, and if they go with the ‘wrong’ one, it’s a challenge to make it work.

  10. I will present one option. I expect at least a couple of iterations. I have yet to present a first round of work that doesn’t get some feedback. In the best case client feedback will inform the work and make it more meaningful to their audience.

  11. We normally show 1 option, sometimes 2. Most of our designs are for signs, although we design logos now & then as well. Any more than two & there’s bound to be one that’s just not as nice as the others.

  12. David Clayton Avatar
    David Clayton

    I usually present 2-3 options to clients. When I present 3, they consist of one that I assume the client will turn down but that I had fun with, and then two that are variations on my best guess of what they need. When I’m pressed for time, I will just give them the latter two options.

    This method has helped me to accept the fact that something is going to be critiqued and turned down, enabled me to have fun with each job, and give the client an opportunity to feel like they really chose (and therefore own) the design.

  13. I try to do three options for every project. While it can be hard for a select few designs, I find that three options helps push me into making sure that I am giving serious thought to the project and allows for the client to add their much needed input (typically along the lines of “ohh, I like this here, and this… can we do this”).

  14. Thanks David and Eric.

    My usual practice is to present one option.

    This is after having conducted a thorough and detailed briefing with the client at the start, followed by good research and planning. It’s important to find out as much as possible early on about the client, their business, their values, needs and goals, their customers, their industry and competition and their marketing history. Once you’ve done this, finding a single, effective, workable solution is possible.

  15. I have recently made the mistake of bombarding a client with too many options, which makes it overwhelming for the client and confusing for me when trying to combine different elements from each design into one. Sticking to one solid concept with two slight variations is where I have had most success with a client while keeping the focus in the right direction.

  16. In the past I had a rule of presenting 3 designs but now it’s 1-2. Clients love many choices but it just complicates the project. It slowly turns the project into an off-road challenge. Less is more. The talent comes in conveying that to the client.

  17. I usually present three while freelancing.

    1. What I want.

    2. What the client asked for.

    3. What I think the market wants.

  18. A lot of marketing communications, I’ll present the one option — but we’ve already worked to establish a good direction.

    Logos, often several options. Even when clients can articulate their brand, they don’t know how it will work visually. Helps to show them different interpretations.

  19. Pulasthi Panamgama Avatar
    Pulasthi Panamgama

    After leaving school, I’m just starting this venture on my own and up to now I’v only done two designs in a professional level. So my experience levels can be considered to be below primary level. But so far I’ve found out that giving just one design restricts the scope of thinking and also there is the risk of the client turning it down, and if that happens, you are left with nothing. So I give two to three options, mostly three and never more than that.

    Too many obviously tends to confuse the client, and takes more time to prepare. I put my very best into each option and also keep in mind to stick to the individual traits I’ve chosen for each design so that the client wont see a large variance in quality in any option yet see the uniqueness from one to the other. I always try to keep the client impressed at all times as this gives me confidence in myself and great pleasure in what I create.

  20. Interesting post David. Especially on the Client’s Strength and Designer’s Strength. I think clients often want a functional point of view behind a design.

    Not just making beautiful design, we have to think about how the design functions as well.

    As for the number of design options I present for my client, that comes down to their budget. I will let them pick the package that I’ve created based on that.

    Most of the time I create 2 different packages. One budget package (less design options) and one premium package (more design options, not more than 3).

    Why? I think this comes down to price anchoring, where people often choose the premium package.

    Further reading can be found here in Think Traffic http://thinktraffic.net/most-common-pricing-mistake

    Hope that helps!

  21. Thanks for this useful post!

    I have worked in different firms that had different theories on presenting various projects: presenting 1, presenting 2 and, believe it or not, presenting up to 5 different concepts (insane!).

    Especially the last one has taught me that presenting a variety of different concepts will lead to a “design by committee” problem, client telling you that they want this from design A, that from design B, etc. etc… Killing all concepts.

    Based on this experience I now only design one concept based on a thorough de-brief of the brief. Most times it’s a hit that needs tweaking and some adjustments, sometimes it’s a miss in which case it’s back to the brief to find out what was missing or why it was misinterpreted.

    In the presentation I will show a client some of the research done based on the brief before showing the design and visualizations. In my experience it strengthens and explains the design concept and creates a sort of ‘awareness’ that the designer knows what he/she is talking about and that the design is not based on just an idea. Come to think of it, very much like the way I had to do final presentations back in college.

  22. I usually show one concept with 2-3 variations. With that, I take one (my preference) and mockup some fabricated media when making my presentation. The client has better visuals of the whole program and this helps with the decision making process.

  23. Good post David, it’s always interesting to hear other peoples approach to certain situations.

  24. When I first started in the graphic design field for all projects I showed three options. I now look at it case by case. For small jobs I tend to stick to one concept as the scope is usually very well defined thus making the process fairly straightforward. In the case of larger projects where there tends to be more stakeholders involved and a broader canvas I find it helps to present three distinct concepts. The reason I like this approach is it helps better define the visual language that the client is aiming for. From the chosen concept we can then refine to the exact narrative that the product/service requires.

    Great article! Just reading Work for Money, Design for Love, also a fantastic read.

    smashLAB — nice work on the Vancouver Aquarium site!

  25. I only show one concept. About a year ago I worked for an agency that would always write the quote to show three designs. Inevitably it always created problems. Frankensteining from one design into another.

    We are being hired for our professional experience and knowledge. Knowing that, we should show the work that best meets the business goals while effectively communicating to the business’s customers.

  26. Short: 1 concept, 1 graphic proposal. No cap on revisions.

    It has worked best for me and my clients, to focus on getting to know each other and their business.

    After turning that info into parameters (a concept, keywords, objectives, history, etc.) all that effort turns into inspiration for sketching and criteria for judging, both self evaluation and third party evaluation.

    A client once said, in regards to some changes he thought were necessary: “It’s up to you, this is my feedback but the decision is up to you. That’s what I’m paying you for.” It echoed that Paul Rand quote (http://goo.gl/Jbr0kN), and its something I always keep in mind now to remind myself that presenting just one solution means you’re giving an unspoken guarantee to your client that this way they’ll get the best value, and you damn well better commit to that.

  27. We rely heavily on process and communication. The design phase is really more toward the end of the project process. Since we’ve already provided a lot of touch-points with the clients and have clearly defined goals in place, by the time we present the concept there should be no surprises. So, we present one.

  28. Tony Bova Avatar
    Tony Bova

    David, as always, thanks for these excellent posts! Eric, thank you for taking the time to share! This book is one that is so timely for me that it’s uncanny. I’m in the process of getting ready to acquire freelance clients for branding design, and the questions regarding process and design briefs have been the most pressing for me.

    In the past – the work I’ve done (all pro-bono to date) has had relatively little research & discovery time, just a quick questionnaire that I was tasked to develop in design school, and then I’d start sketching. I usually present three options, but would love to be able to present only one and have a really compelling presentation and justification – I’m just not that confident yet, and worry that they’ll hate it. I suppose it’ll be different when someone is paying me, and now that I’ve learned how critical it is to really really dive into the guts of my client’s business before I get started sketching.

    David – do you ever show examples of your design process (in a polished document of some sort, rather than your several blog posts) to potential clients as part of your sales pitch? I’m debating if this is the right way to go, as my initial contacts with potential clients leads me to believe they think the process is just a day or two in front of the computer.

  29. I used to show 3 proposals, but normally the end result was not very good as the client used to choose the “safe” option.
    Now I work with only with 1 proposal but I save an extra proposal that I only show if the client hates the first one.

  30. Shayla Goethe Avatar
    Shayla Goethe

    As a student, I have been taught to provide about 2 or 3 designs because clients usually want to see more than one option. I have also been told to never show a client a design that I would not feel good about producing, because that is probably the one they would choose.
    I think Luis Caballero’s solution of having 1 proposal, with a secret back-up just in case, is a great idea.

    Thanks for the post!

  31. Great post David, wholeheartedly agree with the lot.

    In particular, designer/client strengths.

  32. The design options depend on how clear the client brief is. If we are briefed lucidly we go with one approach. If not we present our viewpoints on what might work. That could be two, three or even more. We’ve got a generation gap between each member at the studio and I guess that’s what brings the diversity of views.

  33. Josh Winters Avatar
    Josh Winters

    I work mainly in web design. I simply present one option (sometimes another) that is well thought out and based on all the information the client has given me and the answers I’ve recieved. Then the client and I discuss the presented option, and work things out from there.

    I am a firm believer in refinement and improvement, as opposed to hit and miss. For me, this method emphasises the focus on getting good information and pinpointing the needs of the client. I strongly feel that focusing all your energy into figuring out the correct idea and execution is better than spreading yourself across different ones that may or may not suit the client.

  34. Philip Young Avatar
    Philip Young

    Usually, we only present one design idea with the business owner.

    Why is that?

    As my friends and I are college students majoring in marketing as well as design, we have a bit more knowledge on how they will market and brand their products to the public, how to research, question customers preferences on their industries, and – how to design.

    The key understanding between the client and us is in knowing each others point of view. Because we already know how they work (even though theoretically from text books), we are a little step ahead of our competitors.

    The real challenge is how we make them understand the designer point of view and the meaning behind our work.

    If we successfully get their understanding from our background and also understand their background, usually they will respect our design, and will not ask us for more pixel pushing.

  35. Jon Clark Avatar
    Jon Clark

    I find that the need to submit multiple options is usually only required for logos and unless it’s agreed otherwise in the brief, I now submit only one design.

    Back in the days when used to I submit multiple designs, too many times the client would respond “well, I like that bit of that one, that bit of that one and that bit of that one – can you do me another one combining those bits together?”

    The result was invariably a mess.

    Like others have already commented though, I will take in others which I only show if I think the client might not like what I’ve done and I may need a fall-back option.

  36. I am fairly new at this, and I find that there is an expectation that I will present 3 concepts at least. Sometimes this is easy, other times hard work. What I do tend to find though, is as I pursue these out of obligation, I am forced to play and experiment more and as such develop better ideas.

  37. Hi David,
    This Q&A session with Eric is very useful for understanding his work process. Regarding the number of design options I present to clients, the number depends upon the kind of deliverables I work on. I always present 3 most suitable options for brand marks, and when I am presenting print design the number of options comes down to 2. This way I feel the client is getting enough variety to choose from and not get confused at any point of time.

  38. Great post, and interesting to hear about his approach!

    We usually present 2 concepts, and where possible and appropriate we’ll just present 1 — that way we can spend more time creating and refining a strong solution to the brief.
    When you present 3, there is always one that is weaker and therefore not the right one to move forward with anyway.

    That said, the essence of other good/valid concepts (whether presented to the client or not) often inspire or feed into some part of the project ‘lower down’, and allow us to address other aspects of the the brief with maybe a different focus, adding depth to the overall solution.

  39. It’s happenstance that I read this post the day I decided to only do one concept moving forward! I recently did it for a client because of a tight timeline and it was a great experience. It kept everything focused and to be honest I think I came up with a stronger concept than if I had done two which is what I normally would do. I’m now doing this with another client and it has kept everything very focused, led to a happier client and best of all better work.

  40. It’s been excellent reading about how you all present your work. Thanks a lot for sharing. I randomly selected five numbers from the 38 comments, and the respective commentators are: Iain Cameron, Don, Sherrie, Naomi Niles, and Gemma Hayhurst. Each of you have been sent instructions on how to download your copy of Eric’s book.

  41. Tony, you asked if I ever send potential clients a process document in addition to what I show online. I don’t, but it’s something to think about.

  42. I love this post David. Eric Karjaluoto has some very solid advice. I often find that my clients always want to weigh in with suggestions & sometimes changes and part of me wishes that they didn’t and instead put their full faith in my ability.

    However, as Eric quite rightly pointed out – it is their brand and this will never change and I can understand that. After all, if I was a client commissioning a designer to work with me to create a great brand, I’d probably do the same thing.

  43. Very interesting read. I would like to read the whole book to gain a better understanding about The Design Method. The blog post is informative itself when it clearly describes the roles of both the client and the designer. Both have indeed different wants and needs.

  44. Thanks for this post. It is extremely helpful for me, especially since I am just starting out to set up my own thing. I do agree with the fact that the client’s needs ALWAYS come first regardless, but there is a balance and you need to be able to visualise the business’ values and direction.

  45. I really think it depends on the client, and the problem at hand. I always like to start with sketches, and personally, I love to show my clients the sketches, so that by the time we start conceptualizing digitally, we have already discussed a few directions. This approach also let’s me explain how each concept will affect the direction of the brand, and the perception from the consumer.

    I’ve finished projects in 1 concept with little iterations, but then I also have had projects that took >5 concepts. The whole point is to not sell your client short of your expertise by limiting your process to only 3 concepts. I have had relationships that have lasted well over a couple months because we were focused on finding the solution to the problem that was presented. Design is discovery, so then we must search through the possibilities in irder to find the solution.

    Even though this process can be lengthy, I find that this type of dedicative process pays off in your clientele, both relationship-wise and quality-wise.

  46. A great interview and I’m looking forward to reading the book. I’ve been following Eric’s blog for many years now and it’s always full of great advice.

    Thanks for sharing, David.

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